By Michael Yoder, Retired FBI Criminal Profiler
Technically, the meaning of forensics is “the application of scientific methods used in connection with the detection of crime.” Although commonly misused as the name of the science itself, the word forensics is an adjective, describing the science that follows. So, Forensic Biology is the application of biology to detect and/or solve crimes. It is another level beyond the hard science of biology. Forensic science can be applied to most aspects of science. There are hard sciences like biology, chemistry, and pathology that are common in the forensic arena. Soft sciences such as psychology that can also be applied forensically.
The use of forensic sciences in modern day crime fighting has become commonplace. The astute homicide investigator understands when specific scientific methods can be applied. For example, gathering DNA samples at a crime scene often involves the gathering of evidence that is too small for the naked eye to detect. However, the collection of that crucial evidence has to be done on a macro level. It is not possible to take a microscopic view of an entire crime scene to make sure the “right” evidence is collected. One must use logic and experience to know where to collect this evidence.
Once the potential DNA evidence is collected and placed into a sterile container, the homicide investigators, crime scene techs and lab personnel must maintain the evidentiary integrity of the sample until a forensic chemist analyzes the sample. In addition to the chemical analysis, the forensic chemist compares the sample to known samples in a DNA database to look for possible matches. Ultimately, the forensic chemist may be required to provide testimony regarding their analytical results and the integrity of the evidence’s chain of custody during a criminal trial. The forensic chemist is not only an expert in their field of scientific study, they must also understand investigative procedures and then they must be able to communicate their knowledge and conclusions to a jury of non-scientific people in a manner that the jury fully understands every aspect of their expert testimony.
How does one become a court authorized expert? The trial judge is the final arbiter of who is deemed to be an “expert,” but the criminal courts recognize what is known as the Daubert Standard. While there are exceptions, the Daubert Standard is generally accepted by the courts if the person has reached the pinnacle of their academic studies (Ph.D or MD) in the field of their expertise, has published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal on topics related to their expertise, and worked or lectured in their field of expertise. A trial judge will evaluate a person’s background against the Daubert Standard and will decide whether the person is an expert and can offer expert testimony based on their observations, experience, and general knowledge related to their area of expertise. Conversely, a fact witness can only testify on facts they know to be true on a first-hand basis.
So, the next time you hear someone say they want to study forensics, you should ask them, “Forensic what?” It is a noble cause to find the truth using scientific methods. It goes beyond the theories of science to the application in a law enforcement setting. A good forensic expert needs to be as comfortable in the law enforcement community as they are in the scientific community. They should be confident in their conclusions and ready to testify under oath about their findings while being prepared to face challenges to their testimony. The result of their analysis and testimony could take someone’s freedom away. Testifying is its own skill set. However, it is important to get to the truth.
If you’re passionate about true crime and want to help solve real cold cases, join the Destin True Crime Club on Facebook. We meet monthly to discuss our ongoing case and share research ideas. It’s a serious but fun group of fellow sleuths. Questions or speaking requests? Email myoder0361@gmail.com.
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